Publications

@article{Foalem2025MLLogging,

title = {Logging Requirement for Continuous Auditing of Responsible Machine Learning-based Applications},

author = {Patrick Loic Foalem and Leuson Da Silva and Foutse Khomh and Heng Li and Ettore Merlo},

url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.17851, Preprint},

doi = {10.1007/s10664-025-10656-8},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

urldate = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Empirical Software Engineering (EMSE)},

volume = {30},

number = {97},

pages = {1--37},

publisher = {Springer},

keywords = {Logging, MLOps, Observability},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Batoun2024LogSurvey,

title = {A Literature Review and Existing Challenges on Software Logging Practices - From the Creation to the Analysis of Software Logs},

author = {Mohamed Amine Batoun and Mohammed Sayagh and Roozbeh Aghili and Ali Ouni and Heng Li},

doi = {10.1007/s10664-024-10452-w},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

urldate = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Empirical Software Engineering (EMSE)},

volume = {29},

number = {103},

pages = {61 pages},

publisher = {Springer},

keywords = {Log analysis, Logging, Observability},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Foalem2024MLLogging,

title = {Studying Logging Practice in Machine Learning-based Applications},

author = {Patrick Loic Foalem and Foutse Khomh and Heng Li},

url = {https://arxiv.org/pdf/2301.04234.pdf},

doi = {10.1016/j.infsof.2024.107450},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

urldate = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Information and Software Technology (IST)},

volume = {170},

pages = {1–17},

publisher = {Elsevier},

keywords = {Logging, MLOps, Observability},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ding2023LoGenTextPlus,

title = {LoGenText-Plus: Improving Neural Machine Translation-based Logging Texts Generation with Syntactic Templates},

author = {Zishuo Ding and Yiming Tang and Xiaoyu Cheng and Heng Li and Weiyi Shang},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3624740},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

urldate = {2023-01-01},

journal = {ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology (TOSEM)},

volume = {2},

number = {33},

pages = {1–45},

publisher = {ACM},

keywords = {Logging, Observability},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Li2021StackTrace,

title = {Studying the Practices of Logging Exception Stack Traces in Open-Source Software Projects},

author = {Heng Li and Haoxiang Zhang and Shaowei Wang and Ahmed E. Hassan},

doi = {10.1109/TSE.2021.3129688},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

urldate = {2022-01-01},

journal = {IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering (TSE)},

volume = {48},

number = {12},

pages = {4907–4924},

publisher = {IEEE},

keywords = {Logging, Observability},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Zhang2022TestLog,

title = {Studying Logging Practice in Test Code},

author = {Haonan Zhang and Yiming Tang and Maxime Lamothe and Heng Li and Weiyi Shang},

doi = {10.1007/s10664-022-10139-0},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

urldate = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Empirical Software Engineering (EMSE)},

volume = {27},

number = {83},

pages = {45 pages},

publisher = {Springer},

keywords = {Logging, Observability},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Gujral2021LoggingQuestions,

title = {An Exploratory Semantic Analysis of Logging Questions},

author = {Harshit Gujral and Sangeeta Lal and Heng Li},

doi = {10.1002/smr.2361},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

urldate = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Software: Evolution and Process (JSME)},

volume = {33},

number = {7},

pages = {e2361},

publisher = {Wiley},

keywords = {Logging, Observability},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Li2020LoggingQualitativeStudy,

title = {A Qualitative Study of the Benefits and Costs of Logging from Developers' Perspectives},

author = {Heng Li and Weiyi Shang and Bram Adams and Mohammed Sayagh and Ahmed Hassan},

doi = {10.1109/TSE.2020.2970422},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

urldate = {2020-01-01},

journal = {IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering (TSE)},

volume = {47},

number = {12},

pages = {2858–2873},

publisher = {IEEE},

keywords = {Logging, Observability},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Li2018studying,

title = {Studying software logging using topic models},

author = {Heng Li and Tse-Hsun Peter Chen and Weiyi Shang and Ahmed E Hassan},

doi = {10.1007/s10664-018-9595-8},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

urldate = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Empirical Software Engineering (EMSE)},

volume = {23},

number = {5},

pages = {2655–2694},

publisher = {Springer},

keywords = {Logging, Observability},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Li2017LogChange,

title = {Towards just-in-time suggestions for log changes},

author = {Heng Li and Weiyi Shang and Ying Zou and Ahmed E Hassan},

doi = {10.1007/s10664-016-9467-z},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

urldate = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Empirical Software Engineering (EMSE)},

volume = {22},

number = {4},

pages = {1831–1865},

publisher = {Springer},

keywords = {Logging, Observability},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Li2017LogLevel,

title = {Which log level should developers choose for a new logging statement?},

author = {Heng Li and Weiyi Shang and Ahmed E Hassan},

doi = {10.1007/s10664-016-9456-2},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

urldate = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Empirical Software Engineering (EMSE)},

volume = {22},

number = {4},

pages = {1684–1716},

publisher = {Springer},

keywords = {Logging, Observability},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}