Publications

@article{Foalem2025MLLogging,

title = {Logging Requirement for Continuous Auditing of Responsible Machine Learning-based Applications},

author = {Patrick Loic Foalem and Leuson Da Silva and Foutse Khomh and Heng Li and Ettore Merlo},

url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.17851, Preprint},

doi = {10.1007/s10664-025-10656-8},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

urldate = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Empirical Software Engineering (EMSE)},

volume = {30},

number = {97},

pages = {1--37},

publisher = {Springer},

keywords = {Logging, MLOps, Observability},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{shahedi2025tracing,

title = {Tracing optimization for performance modeling and regression detection},

author = {Kaveh Shahedi and Heng Li and Maxime Lamothe and Foutse Khomh},

url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.17548, Preprint

https://github.com/mooselab/replication-package-tracing-optimization-performance-modeling, Data

},

doi = {10.1145/3749839},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

urldate = {2025-01-01},

journal = {ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology (TOSEM) (accepted)},

publisher = {ACM},

keywords = {Observability, Performance, Tracing},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{wu2025information,

title = {What information contributes to log-based anomaly detection? Insights from a configurable transformer-based approach},

author = {Xingfang Wu and Heng Li and Foutse Khomh},

url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2409.20503, Preprint

https://github.com/mooselab/suppmaterial-CfgTransAnomalyDetector,  Data},

doi = {10.1007/s10515-025-00527-3},

year  = {2025},

date = {2025-01-01},

urldate = {2025-01-01},

journal = {Automated Software Engineering (ASE)},

volume = {32},

number = {58},

pages = {1–29},

publisher = {Springer},

keywords = {Log analysis, Observability},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Batoun2024LogSurvey,

title = {A Literature Review and Existing Challenges on Software Logging Practices - From the Creation to the Analysis of Software Logs},

author = {Mohamed Amine Batoun and Mohammed Sayagh and Roozbeh Aghili and Ali Ouni and Heng Li},

doi = {10.1007/s10664-024-10452-w},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

urldate = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Empirical Software Engineering (EMSE)},

volume = {29},

number = {103},

pages = {61 pages},

publisher = {Springer},

keywords = {Log analysis, Logging, Observability},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Foalem2024MLLogging,

title = {Studying Logging Practice in Machine Learning-based Applications},

author = {Patrick Loic Foalem and Foutse Khomh and Heng Li},

url = {https://arxiv.org/pdf/2301.04234.pdf},

doi = {10.1016/j.infsof.2024.107450},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

urldate = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Information and Software Technology (IST)},

volume = {170},

pages = {1–17},

publisher = {Elsevier},

keywords = {Logging, MLOps, Observability},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ding2023LoGenTextPlus,

title = {LoGenText-Plus: Improving Neural Machine Translation-based Logging Texts Generation with Syntactic Templates},

author = {Zishuo Ding and Yiming Tang and Xiaoyu Cheng and Heng Li and Weiyi Shang},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3624740},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

urldate = {2023-01-01},

journal = {ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology (TOSEM)},

volume = {2},

number = {33},

pages = {1–45},

publisher = {ACM},

keywords = {Logging, Observability},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wu2023LogRepresentation,

title = {On the Effectiveness of Log Representation for Log-based Anomaly Detection},

author = {Xingfang Wu and Heng Li and Foutse Khomh},

url = {https://github.com/mooselab/suppmaterial-LogRepForAnomalyDetection, Data},

doi = {10.1007/s10664-023-10364-1},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

urldate = {2023-01-01},

journal = {Empirical Software Engineering (EMSE)},

volume = {28},

number = {137},

pages = {39 pages},

publisher = {Springer},

keywords = {Log analysis, Observability},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Li2021StackTrace,

title = {Studying the Practices of Logging Exception Stack Traces in Open-Source Software Projects},

author = {Heng Li and Haoxiang Zhang and Shaowei Wang and Ahmed E. Hassan},

doi = {10.1109/TSE.2021.3129688},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

urldate = {2022-01-01},

journal = {IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering (TSE)},

volume = {48},

number = {12},

pages = {4907–4924},

publisher = {IEEE},

keywords = {Logging, Observability},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Locke2021LogAssist,

title = {LogAssist: Assisting Log Analysis Through Log Summarization},

author = {Steven Locke and Heng Li and Tse-Hsun Peter Chen and Weiyi Shang and Wei Liu},

doi = {10.1109/TSE.2021.3083715},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

urldate = {2022-01-01},

journal = {IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering (TSE)},

volume = {48},

number = {9},

pages = {3227–3241},

publisher = {IEEE},

keywords = {Log analysis, Observability},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Zhang2022TestLog,

title = {Studying Logging Practice in Test Code},

author = {Haonan Zhang and Yiming Tang and Maxime Lamothe and Heng Li and Weiyi Shang},

doi = {10.1007/s10664-022-10139-0},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

urldate = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Empirical Software Engineering (EMSE)},

volume = {27},

number = {83},

pages = {45 pages},

publisher = {Springer},

keywords = {Logging, Observability},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Gujral2021LoggingQuestions,

title = {An Exploratory Semantic Analysis of Logging Questions},

author = {Harshit Gujral and Sangeeta Lal and Heng Li},

doi = {10.1002/smr.2361},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

urldate = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Software: Evolution and Process (JSME)},

volume = {33},

number = {7},

pages = {e2361},

publisher = {Wiley},

keywords = {Logging, Observability},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Dai2020Logram,

title = {Logram: Efficient Log Parsing Using n-Gram Dictionaries},

author = {Hetong Dai and Heng Li and Che-Shao Chen and Weiyi Shang and Tse-Hsun Chen},

doi = {10.1109/TSE.2020.3007554},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

urldate = {2020-01-01},

journal = {IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering (TSE)},

volume = {48},

number = {3},

pages = {879–892},

publisher = {IEEE},

keywords = {Log analysis, Observability},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Li2020LoggingQualitativeStudy,

title = {A Qualitative Study of the Benefits and Costs of Logging from Developers' Perspectives},

author = {Heng Li and Weiyi Shang and Bram Adams and Mohammed Sayagh and Ahmed Hassan},

doi = {10.1109/TSE.2020.2970422},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

urldate = {2020-01-01},

journal = {IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering (TSE)},

volume = {47},

number = {12},

pages = {2858–2873},

publisher = {IEEE},

keywords = {Logging, Observability},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Yao2020LogCompression,

title = {A Study of the Performance of General Compressors on Log Files},

author = {Kundi Yao and Heng Li and Weiyi Shang and Ahmed E. Hassan},

doi = {10.1007/s10664-020-09822-x},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

urldate = {2020-01-01},

journal = {Empirical Software Engineering (EMSE)},

volume = {25},

number = {5},

pages = {3043–3085},

publisher = {Springer},

keywords = {Log analysis, Observability},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Li2018studying,

title = {Studying software logging using topic models},

author = {Heng Li and Tse-Hsun Peter Chen and Weiyi Shang and Ahmed E Hassan},

doi = {10.1007/s10664-018-9595-8},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

urldate = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Empirical Software Engineering (EMSE)},

volume = {23},

number = {5},

pages = {2655–2694},

publisher = {Springer},

keywords = {Logging, Observability},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Li2017LogChange,

title = {Towards just-in-time suggestions for log changes},

author = {Heng Li and Weiyi Shang and Ying Zou and Ahmed E Hassan},

doi = {10.1007/s10664-016-9467-z},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

urldate = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Empirical Software Engineering (EMSE)},

volume = {22},

number = {4},

pages = {1831–1865},

publisher = {Springer},

keywords = {Logging, Observability},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Li2017LogLevel,

title = {Which log level should developers choose for a new logging statement?},

author = {Heng Li and Weiyi Shang and Ahmed E Hassan},

doi = {10.1007/s10664-016-9456-2},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

urldate = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Empirical Software Engineering (EMSE)},

volume = {22},

number = {4},

pages = {1684–1716},

publisher = {Springer},

keywords = {Logging, Observability},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}